Apparatus for burning brick



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APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8. LQIB.

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W. W. DICKINSON, In.

APPARATUS FOR BURNING BRICK.

APPLICATION, FILED MAR.1B.1918.

l ,305,447. Patented June 3, '1919.

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W. W. DICKINSON, In.

APPARATUS FOR BURNING BRICK.

APPLICATION man MAR. le, 1918.

1,305,447. Patented June 3,1919.

W. W. DICKINSON, In.

APPARATUS FOR BURNING BRxcK.\

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 1B. 1918.

Patented Julie 3, 1919.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

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W. W. DICKINSON, In.

APPARATUS FOR BURNING BRICK.

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WILLIAM WALLACE DICKINSON, JR., F LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS.

APPARATUS ron BURNING BRICK.

Specification of Letters Patent.

, Patented June 3, 1919.

Application led March 18, Serial No. 223,026.

Vthe performance of such burning whereby the amount of permanent construction is decreased, whereby heat is conserved, and whereby the employment of inclosed structures is avoided, thus permittingV the building and demolition of the kilns by means of labor-saving transporting devices.

While fuel and labor were cheap, kilns were ordinarily built in the form of loosely piled rectangular masses of brick having spaced archways at the bottom and having their tops nearly or substantially naked, so that the hot combustion gases rose freely therethrough and escaped. Later, with the increase inthey price of fuel, numerous attempts have been made to utilize the gases in a plurality of kilnssuccessively, but so far as I am aware this has been ef-y fected only by the employment of closed permanent chambers having comparatively small openings or doorways through which it is necessary to transport the brick before and after burning. Also the only successful arrangements of this nature so far developed, 'so far as I Vhave been able to learn, have been thoseY in which the hot gases were delivered to the upper part of such permanent chambers and withdrawn from the bottom. Such permanent chambers are gener-Y ally built of irebrick and are Yalways eX-v tremely expensive, and of comparatively short life; owing to the heat lretention of their walls, much time is lost after burning' in waiting. for them to cool so that workmen can enter and remove the bricks; they are stiiling and unpleasant to work in, particularly in hot weather; all the bricks have to be transported and set by hand, since nothing larger than a wheelbarrow Vcan be gotten into or out of the openings; the investment is so great that it is necessary to keep it in use at all times, wherefore the bricks-must necessarily be removed as soon as possible after burningin order that va succeeding'rburning may take place, and if there be no immediate market for those bricks they must be sent to a storage yard, thus necessitating a separate handling; the down-draft system isy unscientiiio and unnatural, difficult to operate and has a tendency to water-log the lowermost bricks of each kiln; while the down-draft system requires that the entire floor of the kiln be pervious to such gases, thus entailing veryA extensive underground constructions. Y

The objects of my inventionare the pro-l vision of a construction of kilns such that no above-ground permanent construction is employed; the provision of an apparatus whereby the permanent underground work is reduced to a minimum and is entirely removed from underneath the kilns; the provision ofanv apparatusV wherein up-draft burning is employed at all times and wherein thesp'ent gases from one kiln are con- Vveyed to the next succeeding kiln; the provision of a system of kilns which can be built by mechanical, Setters and demolished 4 from the outside and sold without sorting; the provision of kiln structures containing a larger proportion of unburned` brick than heretofore; the provision of kiln structures ofV such cheapness as to permitthe burned bricks to be stored economically in the original kilns, thereby avoiding one handling; the provision of apparatus whereby the kilns can be burned with less fuel, time and labor than heretofore; while further objects and advantagesof the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.v

In the drawings accompanying and forming a part of this application I have shown certain preferred embodiments of my said invention, although it will be understood that VVthe same constitute onlya few of a greaternumber which may be employed for the purpose in view within the Vscope of my invention. In these drawings Figure l represents diagrammatically a plan view of my 4, 5 and 6 are sectional views taken upon the lines 4 4, 5 5, and 6 6 respectively of Fig. 1 and drawn to ajyet larger scale; Fig.

7 is a top plan view of one section of kilns,

partly broken away so as to show the arrangement of bricks; while Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic view showing a` modified arrangement.

Fig. 9 is a horizontal sectiona-l view through a modied arrangement corresponding approximately to the line 9 9 of Fig. 10; Fig. 10 is a vertical sectional view of the modification showing line 9 taken upon the line 10-10 of Fig. 9; Fig. 11 is a transverse sectional view taken on the broken line 11-11 of Fig. 9; Fig. 12 is a longitudinal sectional view of still another modication corresponding to the line 12-12 of Fig. 13; and Fig. 13 is a transverse section across the modification shown in Fig. 12.

According to my invention I build a large number of kilns in a row, adjacent kilns being separated by a narrow passageway defined between impervious walls. Located beneath each passageway is an underground tunnel having a perforated roof establishing continuous communication with said passageway. Other tunnels are provided outside of and parallel to the side walls of the kilns whereby said first tunnels can be placed in communication either with a succeeding kiln or with an exhaust device; while the top of each kiln is roofed over in such wise as to place the same in communication with its appropriate passageway while preventing undue escape of the combustion products. Said kilns are preferably arranged in two rows so that the process may be made continuous without interruption and so that the amount of permanent structure may be correspondingly reduced; although many changes in this and other details can be made within the scope of my invention.

In the drawings A, B, C, D, E, :l: i P, Q, R, S, T, U, l X, Y, Z represent the kiln spaces which preferably consist merely of hardened and leveled ground and have a uniform standard size, for example from thirty to forty feet square. I prefer to have them square, since such construction lends itself more readily to the employment of mechanical setting devices, although this is not essential, since my improvements are of great value apart from the usability of such devices. Adjacent kiln spaces are separated by spaces some four or live feet wide, and beneath these spaces are constructed the tunnels 1a, 1b, 1C, etc., (the number depending upon the number of kilns). Each of these tunnels is formed with a top consisting of spaced arches 2, 2 (Fig. 6) upon which are laid the spaced bricks 3 substantially flush with the surface of the ground. Outside of the kiln spaces are provided the longitudinal tunnels 5, 5 with which the tunnels 1, 1b, 1C, etc., communicate freely. The last named tunnels are divided by partitions 6, 6 into sections, each of which sections are provided with one orrmore upwardlyl opening apertures 7 and 8, whose use will be explained later. Outside of and parallel to the tunnels 5, 5 other tunnels are provided as shown at 9, 9, and 10, the tunnel 10 being located between the two rows of kilns so as to serve bot-h of them in a case where a double row of kilns is employed.

The preferable construction of each kiln is as follows: Along each side of the kilnrow parallel to and inside of the longitudinal tunnels 5, 5 is erected a continuous wall 12 of unburned bricks, preferably mixed with carbon, sawdust, or other burnable material as well understood by brick makers; and connecting these walls are the transverse walls, 13, 13, 14, 11", 15, 15C, etc., also of unburned brick preferably containing carbon. The walls 13a and 14, 141 and 15, 15c and 16 are located upon opposite sides of the transverse tunnels 1a, 1b, 1, etc., respectively, so as to define the vertical passageways, a, b, c, etc. The walls 13, 141, 15, etc., are extended to a height level with the walls 12, 12 while the walls 13a, 14h, 15G, etc., terminate at a lower level (preferably about six to eight courses of brick, so as to afford communication between the kilns and their respective passageways). The body of each kiln is filled with unburned, carbon-freey brick, shown at 19, the loose regular modes well understood by bricklayers up to the top of the walls 13, 14", 15, leaving, however, the eyes or archways 20, 20 which also extend outward through the walls 12, 12. Above the level defined by the shorter walls are laid the requisite number of courses of carbon-brick shown at 21, also loosely arranged, to fill the kilns to a level with the top of the walls 12, after which the top of the kiln is covered with a platting 22 of burned brick, preferably about three courses deep. The sides and ends of the kiln row are also incased in a scove casing 23 of burned brick, also laid up close except where pierced by the eyes of arches 20, and both top and sidesv are finally daubed with clay to prevent gas leakage.

The passageways a, b, c are also preferably filled with unburned brick, loosely piled so as to permit the How of gases therethrough, this brick also preferably being mixed with carbon or sawdust.

The apertures 7 7 are arranged, one opposite each of the eyes or arches 2O so as to permit the reception of the sheet metal elbows 30, 30 as shown in Figs. 3, 5 and 7,

the ends of the arches being filled withA rubble walls 31, 31 around the ends of these elbows.

The tunnels 9, 9 andlO are formed with upwardly opening apertures 32, one opposite each of the apertures 8, so as to permit the reception of the sheet metal ret-urn fittings 33, 33 whereby the last mentioned tunnels can be placed in communication with the desired sections of the tunnel 5, 5. Suitable covers from which those bends were removed being 34, 34 are provided for closing the apertures 7, 7 after the removal of the elbows 30, and other covers 35 are provided for closing the apertures 8 and 32 upon the removal of the fittings 33.. In case a single exhaust tunnel 10 is employed to serve two adjacent tunnels 5, 5, as shown herein, the same is preferably located half way therebetween and formed with spaced branches 36, 36 leading to the connecting tunnels which it serves. Each of the elbows 30, 30 is preferably provided with a suitable damper 37 whereby the flow of gas therethrough can be regulated. The tunnels 9, 9 and 10 are preferably all connected together as shown at 40 (so as to cause the suction therein to be equal under all conditions) and thence to a suitable suction device 4l, here shown as an exhaust fan. vAlso in the case of a two-row arrangement such as shown in Figs. 1 to 6, the end kiln of each row has its draft passage communicating by way of a transverse tunnel 43, with the connecting tunnel 5, 5 of the opposite row, so that the operation may be made continuous.

That operation is as follows Assuming that thekilns A, B, C, D and E have been completely'built as heretofore described, and the apparatus is to be used for the first time; the heat is applied to the eyes or arches of kiln A in any suitable or approved manner, preferably by gas or oilflame-injection; simultaneously the transverse passage la is connected, by means of the return-bends 33, 33 with the exhaust tunnels 9, 10, and the suction device 41 set in operation, all lof the apertures 7, and all the other apertures S being meanwhile closed by their respective covers. As a consequence the heated gases are aspirated through all the brick work of the interior of the kiln A, and downwardly v through the passage a. As soon as this kiln has dried out so as to diminish lthe vapor content of the issuing gases to the proper degree and to permit the temperature of those gases to rise slightly, the apertures 7 opposite kiln B are provided with elbows 30, 30 and the return bends 33 are shifted to the apertures 8' which lie opposite the ends of tunnel 1b, the apertures closed by their appropriate covers 35. The gases from the kiln A now pass downwardly as before through passageway A into tunnel l, thence via connecting tunnels 5, 5, and elbows 30, 30 into kiln B, thence downwardly through passageway b, thence via bends 33, 33 into tunnels 9, 10, and so to the exhaust device,41.

As soon as kiln B has become heated to such an extent that the vapors issuing therefrom are not saturated, elbows 30-'30 are applied to thearches of kiln C. so as to connect the same to the tunnel section 5 5 adjacent thereto, and the fittings 33 aremoved to av point opposite the tunnels 1, the apertures opposite the tunnel lb being now closed with their covers; and similarly when kiln C has become partially dried out, kiln D is connected in series therewith in the same manner. The effect of the firing of kiln A is thus transmitted to the three succeeding kilns, which isV the largest number that I apprehend cany safely Vbe treated at -one time; although I appreciate that with some kindsy of clay it will be inadvisable to operate so many series, and with other kinds of clay it may be possible to link together a still larger number.

Each kiln requires approximately two days for complete burning of the brick, and uponV the completion of any one kiln, the heating agent is applied to the next kiln in the series, and the elbows thus released are transferred to the next kiln which has not yet been dried. The fact that all of the tunnels are under suction instead of being under pressure, permits the removal of any elbow or cover, and the substitution of some other element therefor without danger of annoyance by reason ofthe escape of heated gases. e

As soon as each kiln has been Vburned it is left to cool and can be torn down as soon or late as desired; the amount of permanent structure for eachV kiln comprises only a few small tunnels, none of which are underneath the kiln itself, and of which the value is so small compared with the value of the kilnitself as to permit the bricks to be left n situ economically until required. Upon demolishing the kiln, all of the bricks taken therefrom, being of the same quality throughout, both top, sides and interior, can be sold for one price and without sorting. Also being demolished from the outside,

they can be removed by mechanical means,

such asbrick hoists and traveling cranes.

In the case of the two row arrangement shown in Figs. l and 3 hereof, the burning proceeds up one row and down the other, and it is possible to jump across from one row to -another at any point Idesired'by means of suitable cross-over fittings, incase it is `not desired to utilize the entire extent of the kiln-row, or in case a part of the same be occupied with thepstorage kilns.

In some cases it may be preferable to lem-y ploythe one row arrangement as is shown in part in Fig. Shereof, wherein A, B, andv C represent kiln-spaces.V In this case the tunnels 3a-f5a need extend only to the end of kiln B', and thetunnels Sil-9a need eX- tend only as far as kiln C', suitable apertures 8a-8f-being provided as shown in Fig.

8, wherebyv the nearest `tunnel sections can be connected together by return bends as already described." Also the tunnels 9"--9a may be connected to independent exhaust devices LllfH-llla if y desired ratherthan toA a single device. It will be understood that the straightaway arrangement shown in Fig. 8 is exactly as good as the continuous, or endless-chain arrangement shown in Fig. 1, until the last kilns of the series are reached; and ythe only drawback even then resides in the fact that the heat from the last two or three kilns is wasted and more time and trouble are required to start the burning anew.

The metal elbows and fittings are not essential to the invention since it is clear that their purpose will equally be served by means of extensions of the tunnels either below or above ground and communicating with the kiln or with each other either inside 0r outside the line of the walls, the openings being governed either by removal covers or by sliding or swinging dampers or doors. In Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive I have shown the tunnels as outside the line of the kilns so as to lessen the weight thereon and permit cheaper constructions. In Figs. 9, l() and 11 I have illustrated a modification of my invention wherein the tunnels 5a are located inside of and underneath the kilns, their tops being formed with apertures 7a-7a registering with the arches 20-20 and also with other apertures S11-8a registering with other arches '50*50 formed, one in each of the down draft passageways. Each of the openings 7a and 8IL is governed by means of a suitable damper, such as a sliding plate, operated by al handle 51 projecting outside of the kiln. The tunnel 5a is also provided with partitions 6 substantially registering with the shorter wall which divides each passageway from its respective kiln.

The tunnels 9eL 9a are here shown as located comparatively close to the kiln walls and as communicating with the respective tunnels 5- a by means of transverse passages 52 5,2 adjacent to the openings 8a, the last named passageways being governed by sliding dampers 53 operated by handles 541 projecting above the ground.

This arrangement dispenses with the necessity of all metal fittings and places the tunnels in direct communication with the kiln. I have shown eyes or arches 50 inside the different passageways the better to distribute the suction over the entire area of the same; and in fact the entire passageway could be left empty of brick within the scope of my invention, although the presence of a brick filling is highly desirable to support the walls thereof against bulging and the roof of the kiln from falling.

In Figs. 12 and 13 I have shown yet another embodiment of my invention wherein only a single tunnel is used. This tunnel is desirably of circular shape andv is preferably located underneath the center line of the kilns as shown at (iO- 60. One end of it is closed at 61, and the opposite end is connected to the suction device, not shown. The upper wall of this single tunnel is formed with spaced apertures 7b 7b registering with the eyes or arches 20 20 and also with apertures 8b 8b registering with arches 50 50 formed in the down draft passageways. Between each aperture 8b and the nearest aperture 7b of the kiln whose down draft passageway it serves is located a large size damper or shutter 61 suitably connected to a crank or handle 62 located at one side of the kiln. If any damper be closed the gases will be forced to rise through the kihi and descend through the downdraft passage, while if any .damper be open, the lower resistance of the direct passage will prevent the occurrence of any appreciable flow. Thus if it is desired to burn the kihi A', the heat is applied to the arches 20 2O in the usual manner, the burned gases passing upwardly Jthrough the bricks and down through the passageway through the aperture 8b, the corresponding damper 61 being closed; and if it is desired to dry the kiln B with the waste heat it is necessary merely to close this damper when the gases will be forced to rise through the apertures 7L thereof and descend through the corresponding apertures 8b; while if it be not desired to apply this waste heat to kiln C it is necessary merely to open that damper, permitting the heated vapor to flow directly through the exhaust.

It will be understood that many further modifications and changes can be made within the scope of my invention and to all of these I lay claim except such as may be specifically excluded by the language of the claims hereto annexed.

My invention can be applied either to a large or small number of kilns; it is advantageous in even a small plant but affords it maximum advantage only when employed to an extent of about forty or more units. It will be understood that each kiln requires about two days to burn during which time the two or three preceding kilns are cooling and the two or three succeeding kilns are water smoking. It is very desirable that there be at least two or three kilns in advance of these last settling and dryingout (which operation can easily be helped by connecting their draft passageways to the suction tunnels and drawing air slowly through them). Then it is generally most convenient to build several kilns together so as to afford greater stability and also to avoid crowding the workmen; it is desirable for the same reason to dismantle several kilns simultaneously; it is generally necessary to maintain a cleared space of at least a few areas ahead of the builders; it is generally desirable to have a few kilns of burned brick on hand as storage; and it must be remembered that burning continues every day in the year i of itself and thelower end while building Vtakes place'only on working days and subject to the ability to secure laborers. Therefore, while my improvements are perfectly operative on two kilns and even thus affords advantages hitherto unattained, yet this advantage grows with size of plant.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim is z* l. vIn combination a plurality of brick kilns each having its interior part of bricks loosely piled, and having its top and sides formed of bricks closely piled, one of the sides of each kiln being formed with a vertical passageway which communicates at its upper end with the interior of said kiln adjacent to its top, and at its lower end with a conduit leading to the lower part of a succeeding kiln.

2. In combination, aV plurality of brick kilns built in a row, successive kilns being spaced apart to define vertical passageways, the upper end of each passageway lcommunicating only with .the kiln at one side of each passageway adapted to be connected either to the succeeding kiln or to a suction device.

SJAvbrick kiln built of loosely piled bricks incased at its top and sides with closely laid bricks, the lower part of said kiln being formed with arches ory eyes, a pair of spaced walls of closely laid brick located at the end of said kiln and defining a passageway which communicates with the interior of said kiln at an elevated level thereof immediately beneath its top incase-` ment, and means whereby the lower end Vof said passageway may be connected with the eyes or arches of a succeeding kiln.

4. In a structure of the character described, a mass of loosely piled bricks constituting the body of a kiln, a plurality of side walls of closely piled bricks laid thereagainst, a top' of closely piled bricks laid upon said first mass, one of said side walls terminating at a point the remainder extending to said top, a wall of closely laid brick spaced from said shorter wall to define therewith a passageway which communicates with the interior of said kiln over the top of said shorter wall, and connections for exhausting gases from the lower end of said passageway.

5. In a structure of the character described, a mass of loosely piled bricks constituting the body of a kiln, a plurality of side walls of closely piled bricks laid thereagainst, a top of closely piled bricks laid upon said first mass, one of said side walls terminating at a point below said top and the remainder extending to said top, a second kiln spaced from the first kiln having similar higher and lower walls one of the higher walls of the second being spaced from the lower wall of said irst kiln to detine a passageway, and means whereby the below said top andU lower end of said passageway can be placed` with the interior of the 1n communicationY second kiln.

6. In brick burning apparatus,a plurality of rectangular masses of loosely piled bricks constituting the bodies of kilns, each:

rality of rectangular masses of loosely piled.

bricks constituting the bodies of kilns, each of said masses being incased by sideendand top-walls of closely laid brick, the end walls of adjacent vkilns being spaced apart to provide vertical passageways, both side walls and one end wall of each kiln extending'into conjunction with the top wall and the remaining end wall of each kiln terminating short of the top wall so as t0 permit communication between said passageway and the kiln interior, an opening communieating with each of said passageways and means for connecting said opening either to a suction device other kiln.

8. In brick burning apparatus, a plurality of rectangular masses of loosely piled bricks constituting the bodies of kilns, each of said masses being incased by sideendand topwalls of closely laid-brick, the lend walls ofV adjacent kilns being spaced apart t0 provide vertical passageways, both side walls and one end wall of each kiln extending into conjunction with the top wall and the remaining end wall of each kiln terminating short of the top wall so as -to permit communication between said passageway and the kiln interior, the interior of said passageway being filled with loosely piled bricks which support the end and top walls, and means for connecting the lower end of said passageway either to a suction device or to another kiln.

9. In brick burning apparatus, in combination, a pair of parallel side walls of closely laid brick, a plurality of transverse walls also ofY closely laid brick traversing the space between said side walls and defining alternate wide and narrow areas, each wide area constituting a kiln and each narrow A or to the interior of anjoined to said higher walls, and means whereby the lower end of each passageway can be connected either to a suction device or to another kiln.

10. In brick burning apparatus, in combination a pair of spaced tunnels, a plurality of transverse tunnels connecting the same and coperc tive therewith to define kiln spaces, the tops of said last tunnels being of a foraminous construction, means separating said first tunnels into sections, one for each kiln space, a suction device, and means for connecting any one of said tunnel sections selectively to said suction device.

11. In brick burning apparatus, in combination, a pair of spaced tunnels, each tunnel having a plurality of spaced apertures opening through the ground surface, kilns located between said tunnels and having eyes or arches adjacent said tunnels, transverse tunnels located between adjacent kilns, and communicating with said first tunnels, a brick passageway establishing communica tion between the top of each kiln and one of said transverse tunnels, aI suction device, means whereby certain of said apertures can be placed in con'iniunication with said eyes, and means whereby other apertures can be connected to said suction device.

12. In brick burning apparatus, in combination, a pair of spaced tunnels, a plurality of transverse tunnels connecting the same at spaced points, a partition traversing each of said first tunnels between adjacent transverse tunnels, kilns having pervious centers and impervious walls, the last located near to and parallel with said tunnels, adjacent kilns being spaced apart and located upon opposite sides of said transverse tunnels whereby to forin passageways communicating with those tunnels, the upper end of each passageway communicating with one of said kilns, a suction device, means for connecting any one of the first tunnel sections to said suction device, and means for connecting any of said sections to the interior of the kiln to which it is adjacent.

13. In brick burning apparatus, in combi nation, a pair of spaced tunnels, a pair of' impervious walls parallel and near to said tunnels, a plurality of transverse walls connecting said first walls and spaced alternately farther and nearer to define wide and narrow spaces respectively, the wider spaces being filled with loosely piled bricks and forming kilns, the narrower spaces filled with loosely piled bricks and forming passageways, the wall at one side of each passageway being means establishing communication between each tunnel and the lower end of said pas#l sageway, means for establishing communication between each tunnel and the interior of each kiln adjacent thereto, a partition across each tunnel at a point near said lower wall and dividing each tunnel into sections, and a suction device adapted to have any section connected thereto.

14:. In brick burning apparatus, in eombination, a tunnel having spaced openings, a plurality of updraft brick kilns spaced along said tunnel and having arches registering with said openings, successive kilns being spaced apart to provide downdraft passageways and said tunnels also having openings communicating with said passageways, said kilns and passageways being incased by iinpervious walls, means for controlling the flow of gases through said first openings, a suction device, and means for connecting said suction device in communicating relation with any one ofv said last openings.

15. In brick burning apparatus, the combination, with a tunnel of a plurality of updraft brick kiln ranges along` said tunnels, the top and sides of each kiln being surrounded by an impervious casing, a. wall traversing each kiln transversely of said tunnel and terminating at a point adjacent to but spaced from its top whereby a downdraft passage is provided, means in said tunnel in substantial alinement with said wall for obstructing the flow of' gases therethrough, there being openings between said tunnel and kiln on each side of said wall, and means for aspirating gases from said tunnel.

16. The process of making burned bricks which contains the steps of building the dried unburned bricks into a series of loose piles, surrounding all said piles with a casing of burned bricks from a previous burning, applying heat to the interior of each pile in succession, conveying the waste heat from the top of each pile to the bottom of a succeeding pile, allowing each pile to cool after burning, and finally demolishiug said pile from the outside.

In testimony whereof I hereunto aiiix my signature.

WILLIAM WALLACE DICKINSON, JR.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

lower than the other wall to'k establish communication with the kiln,I 

